Skiing

Kids should wear helmets when they ski. Buy or rent a ski helmet that's certified by the Snell Memorial Foundation or ASTM International and have an expert make sure it fits correctly so it won't come loose at a critical moment. According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, ski helmets could prevent or reduce the effects of 53 percent of the head injuries suffered by children under 15 while skiing or snowboarding. Caregivers should wear ski helmets too — remember, your children learn safety habits by watching you.

Sledding

Roughly 3,000 kids a year suffer serious head injuries (brain injuries) from sledding. Kids under 12 should wear a helmet while sledding, according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Don't go down a hill headfirst — sit up and face forward. Make sure there's adult supervision and a clear, safe path. A good sledding hill does not lead to a street, a body of water or a crowded gathering place. In addition, the BPDSG reminds parents and kids to inspect sleds regularly for worn, damaged or loose parts that could break or snag at high speed.

Snowmobile

Children under 6 should not be riding a snowmobile, period, and nobody under 16 should be driving one. All snowmobile drivers and passengers should be wearing helmets designed for high-speed motor sports — a bike helmet isn't sufficient for a four-wheeled motorcycle that can go up to 90 miles per hour.

Ice Skating There is no consensus among experts about the need for helmets while ice skating, but parents should keep in mind that beginners are likely to fall down a lot. Helmets are a must for ice hockey, along with mouth guards, knee pads and elbow, shoulder and shin protection. Skate only on ice that's approved for skating by the local recreation department or park authority. Teach kids how to protect themselves if they do fall through the ice: stretch their arms out wide and kick as if swimming shout for help and try to crawl backward onto solid ice.

General Precautions

Basic health and comfort precautions can go a long way in preventing injury. Dress in layers. Wear sunscreen. Stay hydrated. Kids — or caregivers — who become distracted or irritable, or begin to hyperventilate, may be suffering from hypothermia or altitude sickness, or they may be too tired to participate safely in winter sports. They need to go indoors, rest and warm up.